Bridesmaids were friends of the bride, Emily Tucker, Jenny Main and Nicole Adams, all of Woodland April Peet of San Luis Obispo Kelly Pool of Chico and Lisa Hicklin of Davis, who are both sister”s of the groom and the groom”s sister-in-law, Nicole Pool, of Magalia.īest man for the wedding was Brian Pool, the groom”s brother from Magalia. Sarah”s maid of honor was Erin Reeder, her sister, from San Luis Obispo. There ceremony included a short reading by the groom”s uncle, Jeff Kowes. Steven is the son of Rodney and Susan Pool of Chico. Sarah is the daughter of Douglas Reeder and Betsy Reeder, of Yuba City and Woodland, respectively. This basic working memory executive functioning deficit for older adults also explains why their models for positive and negative contingency did not exhibit direct relationships between associative tasks and contingency learning as observed for the young adult models.Sarah Reeder and Steven Pool, both of Woodland, were married outdoors at the Taber Ranch overlooking the Capay Valley by John Withem on Sept. The similarities across the older adult models for positive and negative contingencies indicate that the underlying deficit in older adults' working memory executive functioning that affects their overall contingency learning and judgment performance. In fact, the age related decline in working memory seems to affect older adults' ability to acquire both positive and negative contingencies. Older adults' general contingency performance was most directly related to their working memory executive functioning, suggesting that the decline in their working memory has the strongest effect on their ability to acquire and use information about contingencies. The present findings therefore suggest that an overall model of contingency learning must include both associative processes and inductive reasoning processes. In contrast, positive contingency learning and judgment could rely primarily on more basic associative processes. The young adults' models for the negative contingency task indicates that higher level processes, such as inductive reasoning, maybe involved in negative contingency judgment because the associative learning task required some level of hypothesis testing. The differences in the young adults' models as well as the difference between the young and older adults' models for positive and negative contingencies suggest that while associative processing is important, it may not account for all of the variation in contingency learning and judgment. Processing speed had an indirect effect on older adults' contingency learning and judgment that was mediated by working memory executive functioning. For older adults, working memory executive function directly influenced their judgment for the negative contingency and their learning and judgment for the positive contingency. However, young adults' judgment for the negative contingency was directly influenced by associative learning, while their learning and judgment for the positive contingency was directly influenced by associative memory. A comparison of the structural equation models for young and older adults showed no relationship between any cognitive construct and negative contingency learning. However, age differences were smaller for the positive contingency than for negative contingency. Young adults outperformed older adults on the cognitive tasks and on contingency learning and judgment tasks. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the direct and indirect relationships between processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, associative learning, and positive and negative contingency learning and judgment for young and older adult groups. Participants were also asked to complete cognitive tasks that measure the constructs of processing speed, working memory resources, associative memory, and associative learning. Both d' scores, i.e., contingency learning, and contingency estimates, i.e., contingency judgment, were examined. Young and older adults completed positive (+.65) and negative (-.65) contingency tasks that measured their ability to discover the relationship between a symptom (e.g., FEVER) and a fictional disease (e.g., OLYALGIA). This study investigated the influence of age, processing speed, working memory,and associative processes on the acquisition of contingency information.
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