Based on the data from 10 microsatellite DNA loci, we observed reduced genetic variation attributable to founder events, support for historic hybridization events, and evidence that the population did originate from Yakushima Island stocks. We quantified neutral genetic diversity in the introduced population and compared genetic differentiation and diversity to the presumed source population from Yakushima Island, Japan, and a captive population of sika deer in Harrington, Delaware, USA. Sika deer are native to East Asia, and their introduction and establishment to the Delmarva Peninsula, USA, is poorly documented, but probably involved ≥1 founder and/or bottleneck events. Invasive species can often evolve rapidly in new and novel environments, which could be essential to their long‐term success. Introduced populations are occasionally not well understood and offer opportunities to evaluate changes in genetic structure through time and major population changes such as bottleneck and or founder events. The introduction of non‐native species can have long‐term effects on native plant and animal communities. More generally, our findings support the conclusion that the abiotic and biotic filters of a migrating ecotone shape the resulting community. australis establishment are critical for marsh conservation in the face of sea level rise. Understanding migration of the marsh-forest ecotone and the factors controlling P. australis during shifts of this ecotone, and also highlight an interaction between two non-native species, P. Our findings detail the role of lower salinity stress to promote and herbivory pressure to inhibit the establishment of P. australis is an aggressive invasive species and has been observed to dominate in the wake of migrating marsh-forest ecotones. australis was affected by the biotic pressure of herbivory by an introduced ungulate, Cervus nippon, which greatly reduced its biomass and survival at the leading edge (forest). Furthermore, of the four species, only P. Specifically, grass species Phragmites australis and Panicum virgatum grew more in the low light and low salinity conditions of the leading edge of the ecotone (forest), whereas the shrub Iva frutescens grew better in the high light, high salinity conditions of the trailing edge of the ecotone (marsh). We found that species exhibited an individualistic response to abiotic and biotic pressures in this ecotone three species performed better at the leading edge of the ecotone in the coastal forest, whereas one performed better at the trailing edge in the marsh. We transplanted four plant species common to the ecotone to the leading or trailing edge of the migrating ecotone, with and without caging to protect them from ungulate herbivores. We investigated the biotic and abiotic filters to species establishment on opposite ends of a tidal marsh-forest ecotone that is moving inland in response to sea level rise. Transition towards genomic studies involving both neutral and adaptive variation will provide a better insight into the real impacts of hybridization.Įcotones are responsive to environmental change and pave a path for succession as they move across the landscape. As negative outcomes are typically easier to demonstrate than positive ones (e.g., extinction vs hybrid speciation), they may be over-represented in publications. These frequencies are biased by the detection possibilities of microsatellite loci, the most common genetic markers used in the papers assessed. The total frequency of negative consequences (49%) was higher than positive (13%) and neutral (38%) consequences. Of 13 categories of hybridization consequences described in these studies, the most common negative consequence (21% of studies) was genetic swamping and the most common positive consequence (8%) was the gain of novel adaptive variation. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review of studies on hybridization in mammals published in 2010–2021, and identified 115 relevant studies. Most studies to date focused on documenting hybridization events and analyzing their causes, while relatively little is known about the consequences of hybridization and its impact on the parental species. Although interspecific hybridization has frequently been considered as a maladaptive process, which threatens species genetic integrity and survival via genetic swamping and outbreeding depression, in some cases hybridization can introduce novel adaptive variation and increase fitness. Hybridization, defined as breeding between two distinct taxonomic units, can have an important effect on the evolutionary patterns in cross-breeding taxa.
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